1. 0xED is a native OS X hex editor based on the Cocoa framework. Fast editing of large files. Unlimited file size (limited by what the actual file system supports). Small memory footprint. Instant opening of files of any size. Supports all normal text editor keyboard shortcuts. HFS+ compatible. Full hex/text search/replace.
2. Ethernet devices all require two unique identifying addresses so they can operate on a TCP/IP network: an IP address, and a 'MAC' address. The two addresses operate at different layers of the network, and although many people are familiar with IP addresses, MAC addresses are often considered a bit more mysterious.

1. Invalid Continuation Byte
2. 0xed Hex Editor
3. Windows 10 Windows Explorer Keeps Crashing
4. Utf8 Codec Can't Decode Bytes

Hexadecimal Calculation—Add, Subtract, Multiply, or Divide

Gone are the days when ASCII meant just US-ASCII characters 0-127. For over a decade now, Latin-1 support (US-ASCII plus characters 160-255) has been the bare minimum for any Internet application, and support for Unicode (Latin-1 plus characters 256 and up) is becoming the rule more than the exception.

Convert Hexadecimal Value to Decimal Value

Convert Decimal Value to Hexadecimal Value

The hexadecimal number system (hex) functions virtually identically to the decimal and binary systems. Instead of using a base of 10 or 2 respectively, it uses a base of 16. Hex uses 16 digits including 0-9, just as the decimal system does, but also uses the letters A, B, C, D, E, and F (equivalent to a, b, c, d, e, f) to represent the numbers 10-15. Every hex digit represents 4 binary digits, called nibbles, which makes representing large binary numbers simpler. For example, the binary value of 1010101010 can be represented as 2AA in hex. This helps computers to compress large binary values in a manner that can be easily converted between the two systems.

Below are some typical conversions between hex, binary, and decimal values:

Hex/Decimal Conversion

Converting between decimal and hex involves understanding the place values of the different number systems. A more in depth discussion is available on the binary calculator page. Note that converting between decimal and hex is quite similar to converting between decimal and binary. The ability to perform the conversion of either should make the other relatively simple. As previously mentioned, hex functions using the base of 16. This means that for the value 2AA, each place value represents a power of 16. Starting from the right, the first 'A' represents the 'ones' place, or 16⁰. The second 'A' from the right represents 16¹, and the 2 represents 16². Remember that 'A' in hex is equivalent to 10 in decimal. Knowing this information, it is then possible to convert from hex to decimal, as shown below:

Converting from decimal to hex is slightly more involved, but uses the same concepts. Refer to the steps and example below. It is important to work through the example provided in conjunction with the listed steps in order to understand the process:

1. Find the largest power of 16 that is less than or equal to the number to be converted, which will be referred to as X.
2. Determine how many times the power of 16 found in Step 1 goes into X, and take note of that number.
3. Multiply the number found in Step 2 by the power of 16 and subtract this value from X. This new value will be referred to as Y.
   • Note that the number found in Step 2 will be the value written in the place value for the power of 16 that was found. If for example the largest power of 16 was found to be 16⁴, and the number in Step 2 found to be 3, the hex value would have the number 3 in its 16⁴ place value: 3qrst, where qrst represents the 16^{0 through 3} place values.
4. Repeat Steps 1-3 using Y as the new starting value. Continue the process until 16 is larger than the remaining value, and assign the remainder to the 16⁰ place value.
5. Assign each of the values found in each iteration of Step 2 to its respective place value to determine the hex value.

Converting from hex to decimal utilizes the same principles, but is arguably simpler. Multiply each digit in the hex value by its corresponding place value, and find the sum of each result. The process is the same regardless of whether the hex value contains letter numerals or not.

Hex Addition

Hex addition follows the same rules as decimal addition with the only difference being the added numerals A, B, C, D, E, and F. It may be convenient to have the decimal equivalent values of A through F handy when performing hex operations if the values have not yet been committed to memory. Below is an example of hex addition. Work through the example, and refer to the text below it for further details.

18	1A	B
+	B	7	8
=	1	4	2	3

Hex addition involves calculating basic decimal addition while converting between hex and decimal when values larger than 9 (the numerals A through F) are present. In the example above, B + 8 in decimal is 11 + 8 = 19. 19_decimal is 13_hex, since there is 1 set of 16, with 3 left over. Just like in decimal addition, the 1 carries over to the next column. Hence, the next column works out to be 1 + A (10) + 7 = 18_decimal, or 12_hex. Carry over the 1 to the final column resulting in 1 + 8 + B (11) = 20_decimal, or 14_hex. This yields the result of 1423_hex.

Hex Subtraction

Hex subtraction can be computed much the same way as hex addition; by performing the operation while converting between hex and decimal values. The most significant difference between hex and decimal subtraction involves borrowing. When borrowing in hex, the '1' that is borrowed represents 16_decimal rather than 10_decimal. This is because the column that is being borrowed from is 16 times larger than the borrowing column (the same reason that the borrowed 1 in decimal represents 10). As long as this is noted, and conversions of the letter numerals A-F are done carefully, hex subtraction is not any more difficult than decimal subtraction. Work through the example, and refer to the text below it for further details.

5	D	1C
–	3	A	F
=	2	2	D

In the first column on the right of the above example, C, or 12_decimal, is smaller than F, or 15_decimal. As such, it is necessary to borrow from the next column. This reduces the D, to C, and lends 1, or 16_decimal to the first column. 16_decimal + 12_decimal - 15_decimal = 13_decimal, or D in the first column. The following columns require no borrowing, making the calculations simple. Since 1 was borrowed, C - A = 12_decimal - 10_decimal = 2, and 5 - 3 = 2 yielding the final result of 22D. In the case where the number being subtracted is larger than the number being subtracted from, simply change the positions of the numbers, calculate the subtraction, and add a negative sign to the result. If the above example were instead 3AF - 5DC, it would then be written as is, except that the solution would be -22D.

Hex Multiplication

Hex multiplication can be tricky because the conversions between hex and decimal when performing the operations require more effort since the numerals tend to be larger. Having a hexadecimal multiplication table can be helpful (one is provided below).Otherwise manual conversion between decimal and hex will be necessary for each step. Below is an example of hex multiplication. To the right of the example, each of the multiplication and addition steps are shown. Note that all of the numerals used are hex. Refer to the addition section if necessary.

F	A	3 × A = 1E; 1 carried to F
×	C	3	3 × F = 2D, + 1 = 2E
2	E	E	C × A = 78; 7 carried to F
+	B	B	8	0	C × F = B4, + 7 = BB
=	B	E	6	E

Hex Division

Long division in hex is identical to long division in decimal, except that the multiplication and subtraction occur in hex. It is also possible to convert to decimal and perform long division in decimal, then convert back once complete. For illustrative purposes, the division example will be calculated entirely in hex. As with multiplication, having a hexadecimal multiplication table (one is provided below) would be convenient while conducting hex division. Below is an example. Note that all numerals in the example are hex. Although no borrowing occurs in the example below, remember that borrowing in hex results in 16_decimal being borrowed, rather than 10_decimal. Refer to the hex subtraction section for further details.

Hexadecimal Multiplication Table

Definition

Overloads

Converts the string representation of a GUID to the equivalent Guid structure.

Parameters

Returns

Guid

A structure that contains the value that was parsed.

Exceptions

input is null.

input is not in a recognized format.

Examples

The following example creates a new GUID, converts it to three separate string representations by calling the ToString(String) method with the 'B', 'D', and 'X' format specifiers, and then calls the Parse method to convert the strings back to Guid values.

Remarks

The Parse method trims any leading or trailing white space from input and converts the string representation of a GUID to a Guid value. This method can convert strings in any of the five formats produced by the ToString(String) and ToString(String, IFormatProvider) methods, as shown in the following table.

The method throws a FormatException if it is unable to successfully parse the string. Here are some of the reasons why this might occur include:

• input contains characters that are not part of the hexadecimal character set.

• input has too many or too few numeric characters.

• input has too many or too few of the non-numeric characters appropriate for a particular format.

• input is not in one of the formats recognized by the ToString method and listed in the previous table.

Use the TryParse method to catch any unsuccessful parse operations without having to handle an exception.

See also

Converts a read-only character span that represents a GUID to the equivalent Guid structure.

Parameters

input

ReadOnlySpan<Char>

A read-only span containing the bytes representing a GUID.

Returns

Guid

A structure that contains the value that was parsed.

Exceptions

input is not in a recognized format.

-or-

Invalid Continuation Byte

After trimming, the length of the read-only character span is 0.

Remarks

0xed Hex Editor

The Parse method trims any leading or trailing white space characters from input and converts the remaining characters in input to a Guid value. This method can convert a character span that represents any of the five formats produced by the ToString methods, as shown in the following table.

The method throws a FormatException if it is unable to successfully parse the string. Here are some of the reasons why this might occur include:

• input contains characters that are not part of the hexadecimal character set.

• input has too many or too few numeric characters.

• input has too many or too few of the non-numeric characters appropriate for a particular format.

• input is not in one of the formats recognized by the ToString method and listed in the previous table.

Windows 10 Windows Explorer Keeps Crashing

Use the TryParse method to catch any unsuccessful parse operations without having to handle an exception.

Utf8 Codec Can't Decode Bytes